Playwright Locator filter & Visibility

This skill makes the agent write locators that survive UI churn: role/label-first selection, narrowed with .filter({ hasText, has, hasNot }) instead of brittle CSS/XPath, and correct reasoning about visibility — knowing when to use the auto-waiting expect(...).toBeVisible() versus the imperative isVisible() / waitFor(). The recurring theme: locators are lazy and re-resolve on every action, and assertions auto-wait, so explicit sleeps and one-shot isVisible() checks are almost always wrong.

Use this skill when a locator is flaky, matches multiple elements, depends on text or a child, or when the agent is tempted to add waitForTimeout.

Core Principles

1. Locators are lazy. A Locator is a query, not an element. It re-resolves every time you act on it, so it tolerates re-renders. Define it once, use it repeatedly.
2. Filter, do not concatenate selectors. Start from a semantic locator (getByRole) and narrow with .filter({ hasText }), .filter({ has }), or .filter({ hasNot }) — not a long CSS chain.
3. expect(locator).toBeVisible() auto-waits; locator.isVisible() does not. The assertion polls until the timeout; isVisible() returns a boolean right now with no waiting.
4. Never assert on a count() snapshot for dynamic lists. Use await expect(locator).toHaveCount(n) which retries; (await loc.count()) === n is a race.
5. Prefer waiting for state over waitForTimeout. locator.waitFor({ state: 'visible' }) (or just acting on the locator) replaces arbitrary sleeps.
6. Scope timeouts at the assertion, not globally — pass { timeout } to the specific expect/action that genuinely needs longer.

Workflow / Patterns

Pattern 1 — filter({ hasText }) to pick one row out of many

The classic case: a table/list where rows share structure but differ by text.

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('acts on the right row via hasText', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com/orders');

  // All rows share the same role; narrow to the one mentioning the order.
  const row = page.getByRole('row').filter({ hasText: 'ORD-1042' });

  await expect(row).toBeVisible();
  await row.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cancel' }).click();

  // hasText accepts a RegExp for partial / case-insensitive matching.
  const refunded = page.getByRole('row').filter({ hasText: /refunded/i });
  await expect(refunded).toHaveCount(1);
});

Pattern 2 — filter({ has }) and filter({ hasNot }) to match by descendant

When rows can't be told apart by their own text, filter by a child element they contain (or lack).

test('filters cards by a child element', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com/products');

  // Only cards that CONTAIN a "Sale" badge.
  const onSale = page
    .getByRole('article')
    .filter({ has: page.getByRole('img', { name: 'Sale' }) });
  await expect(onSale.first()).toBeVisible();

  // Only cards that do NOT contain an "Out of stock" label.
  const buyable = page
    .getByRole('article')
    .filter({ hasNot: page.getByText('Out of stock') });

  // Chain filters: buyable AND mentioning "Pro".
  const target = buyable.filter({ hasText: 'Pro' });
  await target.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to cart' }).click();
});

Pattern 3 — Build resilient, chained locators (role-first)

Prefer accessible roles/labels; chain to scope. Avoid index-based and deep CSS selectors.

test('uses resilient chained locators', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com/settings');

  // Scope into a section, then target by role within it.
  const billing = page.getByRole('region', { name: 'Billing' });
  await billing.getByRole('button', { name: 'Update card' }).click();

  // Disambiguate same-named buttons by their surrounding text.
  const proRow = page.getByTestId('plan-row').filter({ hasText: 'Pro' });
  await proRow.getByRole('button', { name: 'Select' }).click();

  // getByText with { exact: true } when substring matches are too greedy.
  await expect(page.getByText('Plan updated', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
});

Pattern 4 — Visibility: assertion (auto-wait) vs isVisible() (instant)

This is the most common mistake. Use the assertion to wait; use isVisible() only for branching on current state.

test('handles visibility correctly', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com');

  // CORRECT: auto-waits up to the timeout for the toast to appear.
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).click();
  await expect(page.getByRole('status')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10_000 });

  // CORRECT use of isVisible(): branch on whether an optional banner exists.
  const banner = page.getByRole('alert', { name: 'Cookie consent' });
  if (await banner.isVisible()) {
    await banner.getByRole('button', { name: 'Accept' }).click();
  }

  // WRONG (do not do this): isVisible() does not wait, so this races a fade-in.
  // expect(await toast.isVisible()).toBe(true);
});

Pattern 5 — waitFor({ state }) for appearance, detachment, and hiding

Use waitFor when you need to block on a state transition without performing an action.

test('waits for explicit element states', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com/upload');

  const spinner = page.getByRole('progressbar');

  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Start upload' }).click();
  await spinner.waitFor({ state: 'visible' });

  // Block until the spinner is gone before asserting success.
  await spinner.waitFor({ state: 'hidden', timeout: 30_000 });
  await expect(page.getByText('Upload complete')).toBeVisible();

  // 'attached' / 'detached' for elements added/removed from the DOM entirely.
  const modal = page.getByRole('dialog');
  await modal.waitFor({ state: 'detached' });
});

Pattern 6 — Iterate and assert over a filtered set

Combine filter with all() / nth / toHaveCount for list assertions.

test('asserts across a filtered list', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com/inbox');

  const unread = page.getByRole('listitem').filter({ has: page.getByTestId('unread-dot') });

  // Retrying count assertion — waits for the list to settle.
  await expect(unread).toHaveCount(3);

  // Per-item assertions.
  for (const item of await unread.all()) {
    await expect(item.getByRole('heading')).toBeVisible();
  }

  // Act on the first/last match of the filtered set.
  await unread.first().click();
  await expect(page.getByTestId('unread-dot')).toHaveCount(2);
});

Best Practices

1. Start every locator from getByRole/getByLabel/getByText, then narrow with .filter(...). Reserve CSS/XPath for cases the accessibility tree can't express.
2. Use .filter({ has }) / .filter({ hasNot }) to select by descendant when text alone is ambiguous; chain filters for AND logic.
3. Assert visibility with await expect(locator).toBeVisible() so it auto-waits; reserve isVisible() for if branches on optional UI.
4. Use toHaveCount(n) for dynamic lists — it retries — instead of comparing await locator.count().
5. Replace waitForTimeout with locator.waitFor({ state }) or simply acting on the locator (which auto-waits).
6. Pass { timeout } to the specific assertion that needs longer rather than inflating the global timeout.
7. Define a locator once as a const and reuse it — it re-resolves on each use, so it stays valid across re-renders.

Anti-Patterns

1. page.locator('.row:nth-child(3) .btn.btn-danger'). Index- and class-based; breaks on reorder or restyle. Filter by role + text instead.
2. expect(await loc.isVisible()).toBe(true). No waiting — races animations and async renders. Use await expect(loc).toBeVisible().
3. if ((await loc.count()) === 2) {...}. Snapshot count is a race on dynamic lists. Use toHaveCount.
4. await page.waitForTimeout(2000) before clicking. Arbitrary and flaky. Locators auto-wait; or use waitFor({ state }).
5. Selecting from a list by raw .nth(4) without filtering — order is data-dependent. Filter to the meaningful item first.
6. One mega-CSS selector stringing together five descendant combinators instead of chaining scoped locators.
7. Raising the global timeout to mask one slow screen, slowing every other test's failure feedback.

When to Trigger This Skill

• "My locator matches multiple elements / 'strict mode violation'"
• "How do I select the table row that contains this text?"
• "Use filter / hasText / has to narrow a locator"
• "Difference between isVisible() and toBeVisible()"
• "Wait for a spinner to disappear before asserting"
• "My selector is brittle / breaks when the UI changes"
• "Assert how many items are in a dynamic list"
• "Replace waitForTimeout with a proper wait"